Research Centers

@doomer1940 I agree with you I’m working on fixing it

Here is 6a of n for discussion of my Classic House Rules

I presented my original technology ideas as I had them back in the early 2000s. I do believe that some may find them outrageously overpowered. So, here are some nerfed, some down-powered technology ideas for presentation and review.

My Post 5 (New Research Rules - Outsmart your Enemies) explains how to research your technologies and Post 6 (New Research Tech for Classic) explains what you get when your research pays off. The technologies presented in Post 6 are quite aggressive. So, here in my Post 6a are some not-so-potent technologies. See Posts 5 and 6 for the how to get these technologies - this post is just about some potential technologies for my house rules that aren’t probably aren’t completely game-breaking.

Revised Research Results Chart

Theme - Tier 1 (Researched First) - Tier 2 (Unlocked After Tier 1 in Row
Flying - Rocket Power - Jet Power
Flying - Long Range Aircraft - Heavy Aircraft
Ground - Faster Trucks - Faster Tracks
Ground - Quick Firing Cannons - Radar Tracking
Industry - Reduce Waste - More Efficient Ways
Industry - Work Smarter - New Accounting
Naval - Better Naval Fuel - Super Subs
Naval - Post Treaty Ships - Bigger Holds

Research Results Explained

Flying Technologies
Row 1, Tier 1
Rocket Power - Allows use of Rockets (Range 3) as per the rules in the main Rule Book. Leads to Jet Power.
Row 1, Tier 2
Jet Power - Requires Rocket Power. Converts Fighters into Jet Fighters (A3/D5/M4, 6 with LRA/C10). Jet Fighters are as per the rules in the main Rule Book.
Row 2, Tier 1
Long Range Aircraft (LRA) - Increases aircraft and rocket ranges: (Jet) Fighters 6, Cargo Planes 8, and Bombers 8. Leads to Heavy Aircraft.
Row 2, Tier 2
Heavy Aircraft - Requires Long Range Aircraft. Converts Cargo Planes and Bombers to their Heavy versions: Heavy Cargo Planes and Heavy Bombers.
       Heavy Cargo Planes (A0/D0/M8/C12) may carry up to 2 Infantry, Paratroopers, or Troopers; or 1 AA Gun, Armor, Armored Cavalry, or Artillery. Only Paratroopers can attack in this way, all other units may only be moved as non-combat movement. Heavy Air Transports may reduce their load in order to travel further: Range 10 with 1 Infantry, Paratroopers, or Trooper; Range 12 when carrying nothing.
       Heavy Bomber (A(4x2)/D1/M8/C12) may attack by throwing three dice and taking the two desired results, which may be the loss of up to two enemy defenders. When Heavy Bombers do a Strategic Bombing Raid, damage done is equal to the top two of the three dice thrown, per Heavy Bomber. Heavy Bombers may reduce their load in order to travel further: Range 10 with 1 die of damage (throw two dice, select desired result); Range 12 when carrying nothing.

Ground Technologies
Row 1, Tier 1
Faster Trucks - Heavy Artillery and Infantry now move at 2. AA Guns, Paratroopers, and Troopers still only move at 1. Leads to Faster Tracks.
Row 1, Tier 2
Faster Tracks - Requires Faster Trucks. Armor and Armored Cavalry now move at 3; AA Guns and Troopers now move at 2. Paratroopers still only move at 1 (when not aboard their aireal chariots).
Row 2, Tier 1
Quick Firing Cannons - Heavy Artillery now attack and defend by throwing twice as many dice as formerly appropriate (two dice per Heavy Artillery). All hits landed by those dice hit ground units, up to the limit of enemy ground units in combat. Leads to Radar Tracking.
Row 2, Tier 2
Radar Tracking - Requires Quick Firing Cannons. AA Guns now defend by throwing twice as many dice as formerly appropriate (two dice per AA Gun). All hits landed by those dice hit flying units, up to the limit of enemy flying units in combat.

Industry Technologies
Row 1, Tier 1
Reduce Waste (Better Factories) - Reduces the cost to produce Ground units: -1/2 IPC (round up) for Armored Cavalry, Infantry, and Paratroopers; -1 IPC for all others (AA Gun, Armor, Artillery, Troopers). Leads to More Efficient Ways.
Row 1, Tier 2
More Efficient Ways (Better Plants) - Requires Reduce Waste. Reduces cost to produce all Air units and Sea units by 2.
Row 2, Tier 1
Work Smarter (Increased Capacity) - Doubles placement limits on territories with new Industrial Complexes. (e.g. Build factory in India (worth 3 IPC), now you can place up to 6 units in India with Work Smarter.) Leads to New Accounting.
Row 2, Tier 2
New Accounting (Increased Resources) - Requires Work Smarter. Receive additional income for every originally-owned territory that you have owned since the start of your turn - 1 additional IPC for every 2 IPC original value, rounded up. (By “originally-owned territory that you have owned since the start of your turn”, this refers to territories that you started the game with (such as Western Europe for Germany or Karelia for the USSR) and that are still in your possession - no extra money for territories you don’t control or for territories you have taken over since the start of the game.
Original IPC Value:  1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12
Additional Income:  1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 4,  5,  6

Naval Technologies
Row 1, Tier 1
Better Naval Fuel (Faster Ships) - All ships now move at 3. Leads to Super Subs.
Row 1, Tier 2
Super Subs - Requires Better Naval Fuel. Converts all Submarines to Super Submarines (SSK). SSKs attack and defend at 3. Aircraft can only attack SSKs for 1 round, after which time SSKs are considered to be submerged and not attackable by aircraft. SSKs that are submerged may continue to attack or defend against ships in the same battle as the SSKs or may choose to break off contact and withdraw from battle.
Super Submarines (SSK) (A3/D3/M3/C8) Special Submerge ability
Row 2, Tier 1
Post Treaty Ships (Better Ships) - Converts Battleships (BB) and Cruisers (CA) into Heavy Battleships (BBB) and Battle Cruisers (CC). BBBs use 2 dice each for attack and defense. CCs attack at 4 and defend at 4 and gain the AAA value of BBs (AAA value at 1 against up to 2 planes per CC) (essentially, CAs become 1 hit BBs). Leads to Bigger Holds.
Heavy Battleship (BBB) (A4(x2)/D4(x2)/M2/C20) AAA value of 1 vs. 2 planes/2 Hit Ship
Battle Cruiser (CC) (A4/D4/M2/C12) AAA value of 1 vs. 2 planes/1 Hit Ship
Row 2, Tier 2
Bigger Holds (Bigger Ships) - Requires Post Treaty Ships. Converts Aircraft Carriers (CV) and Transports (AKA) into Large Carriers (CVB) and Large Transports (AKB). CVBs can carry 3 Fighters or 1 Bomber. AKBs can carry 5 foot units, 2 mech units, or 1 mech and 3 foot units.
Large Carrier (CVB) (A1/D3/M2/C16/2 Hit Ship) (Carry 3 Fighters or 1 Bomber)
Large Transport (AKB) (A0/D1/M2/C8/1 Hit Ship) (Carry 5 foot or 2 mech or 1 mech and 3 foot)

And these are my down-powered technology results.

-Midnight_Reaper

Here is 6 of n for discussion of my Classic House Rules

Here are my rules for possible weapons technology in the Milton Bradley edition of A&A. These rules are optional. I have expanded the possible technology choices from six possible technologies across air, industry, and sea to 16 possible technologies across air, ground, industry, and sea. These technologies are also divided into tier one and tier two technologies. Tier two technologies tend to be more potent but you must successfully research its associated tier one technology before you can start research on the tier two tech. See the chart below for more details.

My Post 5 (New Research Rules - Outsmart your Enemies) has my revised rules for researching technology, giving options for both rolling randomly and for those who know what they want (directed research). Post 5 explains how to research your technologies, this post (Post 6) explains what you get when your research pays off. If you like these technologies but just want to roll randomly for technology (rejecting the directed research from Post 5) that is just fine. Use the random research rules below and ignore the directed research rules.

Random Research

When rolling for successful random research results, first roll for the technology catagory for your result. Results: 1 player’s choice, 2 for flying, 3 for ground, 4 for industry, 5 for naval, 6 for re-roll. If a player already has all four technologies in a determined catagory, re-roll your result. Once a catagory has been determined, the player will roll again: 1-3 for top row, 4-6 for bottom row. Then, see what technologies are available to the player. If both the tier one and tier two result for a row in a catagory have already been researched, then the player will receive the appropriate tier of technology from the remaining row. If a player has no successful research in the determined catagory the player will get the tier one result that corresponds with the row they have rolled. If a player has successful tier one research already in the determined catagory and row, then the player will recieve the tier two research result for that catagory and row.

Example: The player of Germany is successful in gaining a random research result. Germany already has the flying technology Rocket Power. Player rolls for catagory and gets 2 - more flying tech for Germany. Now, Germany rolls for which row will yield technology this attempt. If Germany rolls 1-3, it will receive Jet Power, due to already having Rocket Power. If Germany rolls 4-6, it will receive Long Range Aircraft and be eligible to research Heavy Aircraft next turn.

Directed Research

When conducting directed research, use the following to decide on your next project. From the start of the game, all eight tier one research results are available for research. After a player successfully researches a tier one result, on their next turn the player may start research on the associated tier two result. Research can be spread out or directed in one catagory - if all a player wants are the flying technologies, then that player can research all of the flying tech’s one after the other and need not research anything else. The only check on research is the need to have the appropriate tier one research in hand before starting to research a tier two technology.

Research Results Chart

Theme - Tier 1 (Researched First) - Tier 2 (Unlocked After Tier 1 in Row)
Flying - Rocket Power - Jet Power
Flying - Long Range Aircraft - Heavy Aircraft
Ground - Faster Trucks - Pro-Active Defense
Ground - Quick Firing Cannons - Assault Cannons and Rifles
Industry - Reduce Waste - More Efficient Ways
Industry - Work Smarter - New Accounting
Naval - Better Naval Fuel - Super Subs
Naval - Post Treaty Ships - Bigger Holds

Research Results Explained

Flying Technologies
Row 1, Tier 1
Rocket Power – Allows use of Rockets (Range 3, 4 with Long Range Aircraft (LRA)) as per the rules in the main Rule Book. Leads to Jet Power.
Row 1, Tier 2
Jet Power – Requires Rocket Power. Converts Fighters into Jet Fighters (3x2/4x2/4, 6 with LRA). Jet Fighters’ increased speed allow for twice as many attempts to attack and defend as normal Fighters.
Row 2, Tier 1
Long Range Aircraft (LRA) – Increases aircraft and rocket ranges: Rockets 4, (Jet) Fighters 6, Cargo Planes 8 Bombers 8. Leads to Heavy Aircraft.
Row 2, Tier 2
Heavy Aircraft – Requires Long Range Aircraft. Converts Cargo Planes and Bombers to their Heavy versions: Heavy Cargo Planes and Heavy Bombers.
        Heavy Cargo Planes (A0/D0/M8/C12) may carry up to 2 Infantry, Paratroopers, or Troopers; or 1 AA Gun, Armor, Armored Cavalry, or Artillery. Only Paratroopers can attack in this way, all other units may only be moved as non-combat movement. Heavy Air Transports may reduce their load in order to travel further: Range 10 with 1 Infantry, Paratroopers, or Trooper; Range 12 when carrying nothing.
        Heavy Bomber (A(4x2)/D1/M8/C12) may attack by throwing three dice and taking the two desired results, which may be the loss of up to two enemy defenders. When Heavy Bombers do a Strategic Bombing Raid, damage done is equal to the top two of the three dice thrown, per Heavy Bomber. Heavy Bombers may reduce their load in order to travel further: Range 10 with 1 die of damage (throw two dice, select desired result); Range 12 when carrying nothing.

Ground Technologies
Row 1, Tier 1
Faster Trucks – Armor and Armored Cavalry now move at 3; AA Guns, Heavy Artillery, Infantry, and Troopers now move at 2. Paratroopers still only move at 1. Leads to Pro-Active Defense.
Row 1, Tier 2
Pro-Active Defense – Requires Faster Trucks. All ground units (EXCEPT AA Guns and Heavy Artillery) receive +1 to Defense.
Row 2, Tier 1
Quick Firing Cannons – AA Guns now defend, and Heavy Artillery now attack and defend, by throwing twice as many dice as formerly appropriate (two dice per AA Gun or Heavy Artillery). All hits landed by those dice hit appropriate units, up to the limit of appropriate enemy units in combat. Leads to Assault Cannons and Rifles.
Row 2, Tier 2
Assault Cannons and Rifles – Requires Quick Firing Cannons. All ground units (EXCEPT AA Guns and Heavy Artillery) receive +1 to Attack. This stacks with the +1 Paratroopers receive for Airborne Assaults.

Industry Technologies
Row 1, Tier 1
Reduce Waste (Better Factories) – Reduces the cost to produce Ground units: -1/2 IPC (round up) for Armored Cavalry, Infantry, and Paratroopers; -1 IPC for all others (AA Gun, Armor, Artillery, Troopers). Leads to More Efficient Ways.
Row 1, Tier 2
More Efficient Ways (Better Plants) – Requires Reduce Waste. Reduces cost to produce all Air units and Sea units by 2.
Row 2, Tier 1
Work Smarter (Increased Capacity) – Doubles placement limits on territories with new Industrial Complexes. (e.g. Build factory in India (worth 3 IPC), now you can place up to 6 units in India with Work Smarter.) Leads to New Accounting.
Row 2, Tier 2
New Accounting (Increased Resources) – Requires Work Smarter. Receive additional income for every territory that you have owned since the start of your turn – 1 additional IPC for every 2 IPC original value, rounded up.
Original IPC Value:  1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12
Additional Income:  1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 4,  5,  6

Naval Technologies
Row 1, Tier 1
Better Naval Fuel (Faster Ships) – All ships now move at 3. Leads to Super Subs.
Row 1, Tier 2
Super Subs – Requires Better Naval Fuel. Converts all Submarines to Super Submarines (SSK). SSKs attack and defend at 3. Aircraft can only attack SSKs for 1 round, after which time SSKs are considered to be submerged and not attackable by aircraft. SSKs that are submerged may continue to attack or defend against ships in the same battle as the SSKs or may choose to break off contact and withdraw from battle.
Super Submarines (SSK) (A3/D3/M3/C8)
Row 2, Tier 1
Post Treaty Ships (Better Ships) – Converts Battleships (BB) and Cruisers (CA) into Heavy Battleships (BBB) and Battle Cruisers (CC). BBBs use 2 dice each for attack and defense and take 3 hits to kill. CCs attack at 4 and defend at 4 and take 2 hits to kill (essentially, CAs become BBs). Leads to Bigger Holds.
Heavy Battleship (BBB) (A4(x2)/D4(x2)/M2/C20/AAA value of 1 vs. 3 planes/3 Hit Ship)
Battle Cruiser (CC) (A4/D4/M2/C12/AAA value of 1 vs. 2 planes/2 Hit Ship)
Row 2, Tier 2
Bigger Holds (Bigger Ships) – Requires Post Treaty Ships. Converts Aircraft Carriers (CV) and Transports (AKA) into Large Carriers (CVB) and Large Transports (AKB). CVBs attack at 1, defend at 4, and take 3 hits to kill. CVBs can carry 3 Fighters or 1 Bomber. AKBs have no attack, defend at 2, and take 2 hits to kill. AKBs can carry 5 foot units, 2 mech units, or 1 mech and 3 foot units.
Large Carrier (CVB) (A1/D4/M2/C16/3 Hit Ship) (Carry 3 Fighters or 1 Bomber)
Large Transport (AKB) (A0/D2/M2/C8/2 Hit Ship) (Carry 5 foot or 2 mech or 1 mech and 3 foot)

And these are my technology results. After reviewing them again, they are perhaps set a tad high. (You get a +1, and you get a +1, and you…) As I suspect others will agree with me on this, so I’m going to do another post (Post 6a: New Research Tech for Classic, at a Lower Dose) with some down-powered technologies to comment on.

-Midnight_Reaper

Here is 5 of n for discussion of my Classic House Rules

Here are my rules for developing weapons technology in the Milton Bradley edition of A&A. These rules are optional. My rules have two ways of developing weapons - random research and directed research.

Random Research

Random research works mostly the same as regular rules - buy dice at 5 IPCs per die, roll purchased dice, if you roll a 6, you managed to stumble onto a new technology. If using the technology chart in my Post 6 (New Research Tech for Classic), rules will be provided in that post. If using the standard Milton Bradley technology chart, follow the rules in the “New Ways to Get the Same Old Technology” section below. Technology gained from random research takes effect at the end of the player’s turn.

Directed Research

Directed Research is for those who want to know when they will get their hands on these technological terrors they’ve been spending money on. On a player’s turn, they can choose to roll randomly for research or they can make a directed research attempt (DRA). A country can have a maximum of two DRAs at any one time.

To make a directed research attempt, select the technology desired. If using the revised technology chart, rules will be provided in my Post 6. If using the standard Milton Bradley technology chart, follow the rules in the “New Ways to Get the Same Old Technology” section below. Once an available technology has been selected, the player then pays 10 IPCs to the bank and rolls a d6. On a roll of 1 or 2, the player needs one more turn; a roll of 3 or 4, two more turns; a roll of 5 or 6, three more turns to finish the research.

Each subsequent turn, the player has the option of paying 5 IPCs to advance the research. On the turn that a player makes their final payment, the technology takes effect at the end of that turn. On the player’s next turn, they may start another DRA.

Directed research attempts also have the following restrictions: not more than two DRAs on-going at any one time, can only start one at a time, must wait a turn to start another one if they have two at the same time at the start of their turn.

If the player does not pay on their turn, their only penalty is having to wait yet another turn for their research (no penalty for “missed” payments).

Using this system, a player can get any one technology in 2 to 4 turns for a cost of 15 to 25 IPCs.

Combining Random and Directed Research

If a player is doing directed research and then decides to roll randomly, this is allowed. If the player randomly researches the same technology that was being developed with directed research, the player recieves the technology rolled for just as if the player had never started any research on that technology. The player will receive no refund on any previously-spent research funds and may not redirect the previously-spent directed research funds to another research project - research is over. This doubly researched technology will be available at the end of the player’s turn.

The only restriction on random and directed research is that a player may not undertake two directed research projects and then conduct random research. Combining one directed research project and random research is allowed.

New Ways to Get the Same Old Technology

While my rules include a revised technology chart, these rules work with the standard Milton Bradley technology chart with one proviso - if your game has the standard technology chart and directed research, research into Heavy Bombers should be denied until after successfully researching both Long Range Aircraft and either Jets or Rockets. Research into the two of three technologies could be in any order and could be done with random or directed research.

When rolling for the random result of a successful random research attempt, if the player rolls a 6 (Heavy Bombers) and is not yet eligible to research Heavy Bombers, the player will re-roll. If the re-roll is also a 6, the player may choose any remaining available unresearched technology for the player’s result.

-Midnight_Reaper

Some very excellent ideas here, thanks General for pointing me to this section!

I prefer simplicity. I prefer to have them operate like minor ICs except their bonus is one research die per turn instead of producing units. (when not damaged). I’m okay with a cap of 1 tech per turn. I’ll pass on the captured technology raid rule. I think having your enemy capture your research facility (and the free roll each turn after that) is reward enough.

Having them operate like minor ICs let’s you build them on 2 iPc territories, which is necessary if someone like Anzac hopes to ever acquire any technology.

Overall it’s a great concept.

@Gargantua:

Also… the research facility cost the same as all the other facilities for simplicity sake (15), not that it’s a huge deal…  and they also operated the same (built in AA, up to 6 damage, operable at 2 or less damage).

I think handing out free research facilities at the beginning of the game may make things very tech heavy, but I understand the need to get some of the smaller nations involved. I suggest a price ladder for multiple facilities…

1st Lab = $5
2nd Lab = $10
3rd Lab = $20
4th Lab = $40
5th Lab = $80
6th Lab = $160

This way, 1st Labs are practically free for UK, Russia, Italy, and India, but there is still a small risk for having one. It also makes nations who want more research rolls, to pay accordingly for them. I would still like to see ANZAC, France, and China ineligible, however, I like your idea of an invading nation choosing to steal a tech by destroying the captured facility, or keeping it for themselves, it solves some issues when capturing.

I could be mistaken… but Purchasing TECH, might actually come BEFORE the repair units phase… in which case, a bombed facility, wouldn’t be able to roll for tech - until AFTER repairs, and a turn where it isn’t damaged again.

Don’t we want players to spend for repairs, roll for research, and purchase developed weapons all in the same turn?

These are my rules portion excerpt for an upcoming game of mine, this only pertains for oil deposits in Europe except Middle East

7.1 Oil Allocation & HQ Recharge
Your Headquarters (HQ) units have a ‘face value’ (up to a limit of 6 points) that represents their operational capacity. You must ‘recharge’ these face points to use your HQ’s effectively in combat and other operations.

Standard HQ Recharge (Using Oil):
o To increase an HQ’s face value, you spend Oil Chits.
o Each 1 Oil Chit spent will increase an HQ’s face value by +1 point. HQ Recharge in Snow Months (Special Rule):
o During months designated as “Snow Months” (December, January, February), HQ activations are more costly.
o A full winter activation recharge for an HQ will require 2 Oil Chits to fully replenish its operational value for that activation. Conducting Combat When Out of Oil (Separate Cost):
o If your supply of Oil Chits is exhausted, you can still choose to conduct combat that requires HQ support.
o However, for each combat round where an HQ is activated while you have no Oil Chits, you must pay a cost of 2 Production Points (PP). This is a penalty for fighting without sufficient oil supply for your HQ’s. Recharging HQ with Production Points (When Oil is Unavailable):
o You can allocate resources to recharge your HQ chits at the start of a turn, or even immediately after an HQ has been exhausted in combat.
o If you have no Oil Chits available, you have the option to use Production Points (PP) to increase your HQ’s face value.
o When using PP for recharge instead of oil, it will cost you 2 Production Points (PP) for each +1 increase in HQ face value. This is considered “twice the cost” compared to the implicit value of oil for recharge. National Oil Production Track
o Your National Oil Production Box (printed on the board) indicates how many “HQ-turns” of recharge you may purchase each turn.
o Players may deliberately sabotage their own oil centers to avoid capture. Roll one D6 1-3 success, 4-6 failure. Oil Plunder
Once the opposition captures an oil center, you can plunder its reserve stocks. Roll one D6 and ADD the printed map value of the oil center. This value is immediate oil replenishment in that nations oil reserves and can be used immediately for more combats.

7.1.2 Oil Resources
o The following oil producing centers below are on the map and produce oil, additional resources if needed costs 1 PP from a player’s treasury.

7.2 Soviet Union Oil Centers
• Baku (Caucasus, Azerbaijan) – 12 PP
• Grozny (Chechnya, North Caucasus) – 4 PP
• Maikop (Adygea, North Caucasus) – 2 PP
• Drohobych–Boryslav (Western Ukraine) – 1 PP
Soviet Total Production : 19
USSR Total Production: 19 PP
7.3 Axis (German) Oil Centers
• Ploiești (Romania) – 6 PP
• Nagykanizsa (Hungary) – 2 PP
• Almásfüzitő (Hungary) – 2 PP
• Pétfürdő (Hungary) – 1 PP
• German Synthetic Output (combined synthetic plants within Germany) – 2 PP
Germany Total Production: 13 PP
• Note: In addition, Germany begins the campaign with 15 PP of Strategic Reserves (one‐time stockpile).

7.4 German Oil Production Bonus
Germany controls limited domestic oil reserves at Ploiesti and, if in Axis hands, Baku. To model this:
• Ploiesti Bonus: Germany gains +2 PP per turn when Ploiesti is under German control.
• Baku Bonus: Germany gains +3 PP per turn when Baku is under German control (maximum 5 PP total oil bonus).
These bonuses are permanent while the hex remains in German possession and are in addition to VC based PP. Note: add 2 PP to the German Players Treasury.

7.5 Rationale & Design Notes

Lower Soviet Start: Reflects initial Soviet industrial losses and delay while relocating factories. Symmetrical Mobilization: Both sides reach 2 PP/VC by Turn 7, modeling full wartime production after the first winter’s disruption. Total War Surge (Historical Viability): After Goebbels’ February–March 1943 speech, Nazi Germany did accelerate armaments production significantly—estimated at a ~50% increase over pre speech levels by mid 1943. Modeling the shift from 2 to 3 PP/VC approximates that surge without overstating it. While exact PP values are abstractions, the 3 PP/VC matches documented industrial output growth during the summer of 1943, making it historically plausible. Persistent Oil Constraints: Germany’s oil bonuses represent Ploiesti (and Baku if captured), ensuring limited resource access remains a strategic factor.
These revisions maintain your core VC based PP mechanics while incorporating key production inflection points supported by historical data: initial Soviet disadvantage recovery, winter mobilization, and Germany’s Total War ramp up.