Other than the UK/ANZAC ability to take control of them peacefully, they are treated as territories whose capital is in enemy hands. Whoever captures them from Japan will have control of them.
Submarine question
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If a sub attacks a lone transport outside an enemy island with an airbase and fighters, is the transport automatically sunk, or does scrambling do anything to prevent that?
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The fighters can scramble. However, since there is no defending destroyer, they can’t hit the sub. As a result, the transport will be sunk anyway.





